Rob Davis Schizophrenia Brief History Kraeplin (1919) came up with first definition (called it dementia praecox) Blueler (1950) introduced the term “schizophrenia” (Bleuler’s 4 A’s: Association, Affect, Ambivalence, and Autism) Schneider (1959) came up with 11 pathognomonic symptoms (Schneiderian First Rank Symptoms) Crow (1980) proposed that schizophrenia be divided into 2 major syndromes (Type I and Type … Read more
History CTs developed in the 1970’s — MRIs developed in the 1980’s Plain Film Analysis Used to evaluate structures of skull, facial bones, and sinus Usefulness declined with advent of CT and MRI Still used in detection of fractures, abnormal calcifications, developmental abnormalities, osteolytic or osteoblastic disorders. For example Identification of neoplasms Premature closing (craniosynostosis … Read more
Basic Macroscopic Organization of the Nervous System The CNS arises from a sheet of ectodermal cells that folds over during embryological development to form the neural tube CNS = Brain and spinal cord PNS = Cranial nerves and ganglia Spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and ganglia Enteric nervous system Main … Read more
DEFINITION Neglect: a failure to respond to, report, or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite the lesion NOT attributable to sensory, motor, or memory deficits deficit of looking, detecting, listening, and exploring NOT seeing, hearing, or moving Like aphasia or amnesia, neglect is a “network syndrome” and represents damage to … Read more
General Characteristics Multiple sclerosis is a multifocal demyelinating disease – the disease causes the destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers – scar-like lesions called sclerotic plaques form in the areas where the demyelination has occurred and block or distort the normal transmission of nerve impulses. Incidence and prevalence vary geographically fewer cases near … Read more
Spinal Cord: Central gray matter – neuronal cell bodies and synapses Peripheral white matter – ascending/descending fiber pathways (motor and sensory) Muscle Unit: A single motorneuron and all of its muscle fibers Alpha motorneuron – largest cells of spinal cord and “final common pathway” from CNS to periphery. Each one usually innervates many muscle fibers … Read more
Norman & Shallice’s Framework: 2 basic “control” mechanisms that determine how we monitor our activities The automatic contention scheduler (ACS)- automatic & direct priming of stored knowledge by stimuli in environment or conceptual thought Supervisory attention system (SAS): conscious awareness of what we know that set the priorities for action. SAS can override ACS. In … Read more
What is MCI? A clinical condition considered a transition phase between normal aging and dementia. MCI was initially seen as a transition phase between normal aging and Alzheimer’s dementia – however, now recognized that other underlying conditions with different aetiologies may result in mild cognitive impairment that has increased risk of progressing to “dementia.” Peterson … Read more
MEMORY & LEARNING PART 2: NEUROANATOMY OF MEMORY(General) Hippocampi – specifically involved in registration and storage of new memories. Bilateral removal of hippocampus leads to severe anterograde amnesia similar to that seen in Korsakoff’s (but they do not have the other cognitive deficits associated w/Korsakoff’s- believed to be due to diffuse cortical atrophy). Common cause: … Read more
Learning and Memory Learning and memory are not interchangeable terms; instead, they are complementary concepts. Memory is the behavioral change caused by an experience, and “learning” is how this happens. Learning is the process by which new information is acquired; memory is the process by which that knowledge is retained. Learning Learning can be divided … Read more