Rob Davis TEMPORAL LOBE Hippocampus Some controversy as to whether or not it encodes (material-specific) or represents only a cognitive/ spatial map (memory) Rat studies suggests spatial map (i.e., lesion here, no longer able to find platform on Morris milk maze based on spatial cues from env; also stimulation and single cell recordings support this) Monkey studies … Read more
CBT cognitive distortions (Beck) arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnif/minim, personalization, dichotomous thinking depression vs. anxiety (Beck) depression (cognitions- hopelessness, low s-e, failure) anxiety (anticipation of danger/harm) depression (negative themes) anxiety (uncertainty of future events question) both display demoralization, self-absorption, reduced cog capacity for pblm solving and task performance RET vs Beck RET holds irrational … Read more
GENERAL INFO Billions of cells in CNS (10-50 times more glial cells than neurons) 12-15 billion neurons in cerebral cortex 1 billion in spinal cord Neurons operate w/in interconnected networks number of connections between neurons ranges from 1,000 to 100,000 (average 10,000) Share many characteristics with other cells of bodies, but also a number of … Read more
CHILDHOOD DISORDERS CEREBRAL PALSY Nonscientific term describing permanent, nonprogressive neurologic motor system impairment resulting from CNS injuries of the immature brain (occur pre- or peri-natally, infancy, or early childhood); .2% incidence Can be associated with prematurity (especially as smaller premature infants continue to survive) and low birth weight; however, specific causes have not yet been … Read more
GUSTATION Stimuli Only 4 qualities of taste: bitterness, sourness, sweetness, and saltiness Flavor (not taste) is composite of olfaction and gustation (aside: most vertebrates taste all four; exception: cats, who don’t detect sweetness) Anatomy of Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells Tongue, palate, pharynx, and larynx contain approximately 10,000 taste buds Most receptors are around papillae, … Read more
Review of Main Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas for face and hand are on the lateral convexities while the leg areas are in the interhemispheric fissure Broca’s area in inferior frontal gyrus, just anterior to the articulatory areas of the primary motor cortex Wernicke’s area lies in the superior temporal gyrus, adjacent to … Read more
Anatomical and Clinical Review The Cerebellum The cerebellum is the largest structure in the posterior fossa (see figures 15.1, 15.2, & 15.3). It is attached to the dorsal aspect of the pons and rostral medulla by three white matter peduncles and forms the roof of the fourth ventricle. It consists of: Vermis – the midline … Read more
Internal Structures and Vascular Supply Functional Brainstem Anatomy (the author breaks down the brainstem region into 4 functional groupings) Cranial Nerve Nuclei and Related Structures – Six Columns (this is a review of material covered in Chap. 12, Table 12:3 and Figure 12:5) Somatic Motor General Somatic Efferent Branchial Motor Special Visceral Efferent Parasympathetic General … Read more
Eye Movements and Pupillary Control Anatomical and Clinical Review Extraocular Muscles – cause the eyes to move within the orbits Internal Ocular Muscles – control pupillary size and accommodation Two Levels of Disorders and Pathways Nuclear and Infranuclear Pathways: involve brainstem nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI; the peripheral nerves arising from these … Read more
General Information – Brainstem Corridor for all sensory, motor, cerebellar, and cranial nerve information Contains nuclei for the cranial nerves and cerebellum, consciousness, tone, posture, cardiac and respiratory functions, etc. Both Grand Central Station and Central Power Supply Surface Features of the Brainstem Located within the posterior fossa Cranial nerves emerge roughly in numerical … Read more